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Secuil Catatan Kaki : Paradoks Pariwisata Manggarai Barat | Flores Genuine
Investasi pariwisata di kawasan perairan pesisir Labuan Bajo. (foto : Kornelis Rahalaka/Floresgenuine) Banyak pihak masih meragukan pembangunan infrastruktur dan invetasi yang masif di Labuan Bajo, Manggarai Barat dapat membawa kesejahtraan bagi masyarakat lokal.
Alasan paling mendasar adalah bahwa masyarakat Manggarai Barat bercorak agraris yakni berlatarbelakang petani yang hidup dan kehidupannya masih bergantung pada hasil-hasil pertanian, perikanan dan peternakan.
Karena itu, meskipun pemerintah menganggap bahwa pembangunan dan pertumbuhan investasi sebagai obat mujarab terhadap kemiskinan di daerah ini, namun realitasnya, masih jauh panggang dari api.
Data menyebutkan bahwa jumlah penduduk miskin masih terbilang tinggi yakni mencapai 20 persen, dari 250 ribu lebih total jumlah penduduk Manggarai Barat. Demikian pula dengan angka kemiskinan terbesar justru berasal dari sektor pertanian.
Maka diagnosa di atas dipertanyakan, ketika pada saat yang sama, Provinsi NTT masuk sebagai provinsi paling korup di Indonesia. Artinya, kemiskinan bukan semata-mata dianggap karena kurangnya pembangunan, tetapi sangat boleh jadi karena banyaknya pembangunan dan minimnya perhatian terhadap usaha pemberantasan korupsi.
Apalagi pemerintah hanya menilik persoalan dari aspek ekonomi semata. Padahal, kemiskinan di NTT dan Manggarai Barat khususnya, ditandai oleh masalah politik seperti kesenjangan penguasaan sumber daya tanah, laut, hutan, air pesisir dan pulau-pulau, kesenjangan penghasilan masyarakat dan masalah korupsi serta kesenjangan akses terhadap kekuasaan.
Selain itu, pemerintah yang menargetkan 500 ribu pengunjung atau wisatawan pada tahun 2024 ini justru semakin memunculkan kekhawatiran di tubuh pemerintah sendiri dalam upaya konservasi keanekaragaman sumber daya alam di wilayah ini.
Ikon pariwisata Manggarai Barat adalah komodo dan Taman Nasional Komodo (TNK), Situasi dan kondisi ini tentu membutuhkan suatu proteksi terhadap lingkungan, baik di darat maupun di laut. Peningkatan jumlah wisatawan ke TNK tentu menimbulkan kekhawatiran terhadap kelestarian lingkungan terutama persoalan sampah, kerusakan terumbu karang dan ancaman keberlanjutan lingkungan dan pariwisata.
Meskipun pemerintah menjamin keberlangsungan konservasi, namun tak sedikit pihak yang meragukan kenyataan tersebut. Sebab, dari banyak pengalaman menunjukkan bahwa prinsip kehati-hatian yang dibangun oleh pemerintah dalam kurun waktu yang lama saja, tidak menjamin keberlangsungan konservasi, apalagi pembangunan pariwisata yang berjalan masif dalam waktu yang singkat dengan target yang besar.
Kapal wisata di perairan teluk Labuan Bajo. (foto : Kornelis Rahalaka/Floresgenuine) Apakah pertumbuhan sektor pariwisata tidak bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip konservasi? Merujuk pada kasus di Raja Empat, tak sedikit yang meragukan kewenangan kontrol dan pengawasan dari pemerintah. Peningkatan jumlah cruz dan yatch masuk dalam kawasan konservasi TNK dapat membahaya konservasi.
Demikian pula, skema pembangunan yang melibatkan pemerintah pusat dengan mengambilalih pengelolahan aset daerah pun menimbulkan pertanyaan terkait eksistensi pemerintah daerah. Sebab, jika semua urusan mulai diintervensi oleh pemerintah pusat, apakah yang bisa dilakukan pemerintah daerah? Bukankah kewenangan pemerintah daerah mulai dikebiri?
Pariwisata di Labuan Bajo, Manggarai Barat saat ini, sudah menunjukkan situasi ketidakadilan yang tak pernah tuntas diperbaiki dan menjadi sebuah ironi selama ini. Bahwasannya masyarakat setempat justru menikmati bagian paling kecil dari pertumbuhan yang masif dari sektor pariwisata.
Untuk kebutuhan sayur mayur saja, masih didatangkan dari luar daerah, ketimbang dari daerah ini sendiri. Berkembangnya travel agen yang mungkin tidak pernah membayar pajak atau keberadaan travel online dengan alamat fiktif. Sementara infrastruktur pendukung pariwisata seperti jalan ke sentra-sentra pariwisata (desa wisata) belum mengalami banyak perbaikan bahkan dalam kondisi memprihatinkan. Fasilitas publik lainnya seperti air, listrik dan telekomunikasi pun belum banyak berubah.
Binatang purba komodo yang perlu dilindungi. (foto : Kornelis Rahalaka/Floresgenuine) Di tengah-tengah situasi demikian, pemerintah terus menambah jumlah investasi dalam skala besar di bidang pariwisata. Meskipun menjanjikan perbaikan terhadap masalah-masalah yang ada, namun banyak pihak menyangsikan janji tersebut. Pasalnya, industri pariwisata sudah pasti bercirikan pasar di mana yang terjadi hanyalah kompetisi atau persaingan yang merupakan harga mati.
Contoh paling nyata, pembangunan marina, hotel, dan tempat komersial yang merupakan mengambilalihan aset Pemda Mabar dan masyarakat lokal. Meskipun pemerintah menjanjikan untuk kepentingan publik, pembangunan tersebut justru ditandai dengan penyingkiran sumber mata pencaharian masyarakat setempat. Selain itu, diragukan pula bahwa pemerintah mampu menyerap potensi SDM masyarakat lokal.
Karena itu, pembangunan skala masif dalam tempo yang singkat tidak singkron dengan potensi SDM lokal. Maka dengan mudah disimpulkan bahwa pembangunan industri pariwisata justru mengabaikan potensi SDM lokal sedemikian sehingga hanya berkontribusi sedikit terhadap orang-orang lokal.
Beberapa fakta paradoks di atas, dapat dikatakan bahwa pembangunan pariwisata yang masif di Labuan Bajo, Manggarai Barat belum banyak mengubah struktur ketimpangan dan kenyataan ketidakadilan yang ada, sebaliknya berpotensi menambah runyam persoalan. Ini terjadi karena pemerintah hanya mengoptimalkan kondisi-kondisi pertumbuhan ekonomi, tetapi tidak memperbaiki persoalan politik seperti pencaplokan sumber daya publik, ketimpangan ekonomi, masalah kemiskinan dan upaya konservasi sumber daya alam yang menjamin keberlanjutan. [Kornelis Rahalaka]
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