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Memahami Perdagangan Jasa Karbon dan Krisis Iklim Global | Flores Genuine
Dr. Silfi Iriyani, S.Hut, M.Si, Staf Khusus Kehutanan dan Iklim, Burung Indonesia. (foto : Kornelis Rahalaka/Floresgenuine) FLORESGENUINE.com- Kamis, 19 Desember 2024, puluhan orang dari berbagai latar belakang berkumpul di Hotel Puri Sari, Labuan Bajo. Para pemangku kepentingan membahas salah satu isu global yakni perdagangan karbon.
Informasi mengenai perdagangan karbon belum terlalu akrab ditelinga banyak orang. Bahkan istilah perdagangan karbon sendiri masih memunculkan beragam pandangan dan pemahaman yang berbeda. Pasalnya, perdagangan karbon tidak sama seperti perdagangan barang atau benda-benda yang konkrit-nyata.
Di dalam ilmu ekonomi dikenal dua jenis perdagangan yaitu perdagangan barang dan jasa. Nah, perdagangan karbon adalah perdagangan jasa. Perdagangan jasa karbon itulah yang menjadi fokus diskusi kali ini.
Konsep perdagangan jasa karbon, mekanisme perdagangan karbon, manfaat perdagangan karbon bagi masyarakat dan pemerintah boleh dibilang masih cukup minim, meskipun sesungguhnya, isu perdagangan jasa karbon ini sudah banyak dibiacarakan di banyak negara di dunia.
Dr. Silfi Iriyani, S.Hut, M.Si, Staf Khusus Kehutanan dan Iklim, Burung Indonesia, menjelaskan bahwa perdagangan jasa karbon merupakan pendekatan berbasis pasar untuk mengendalikan polusi dengan memberikan insentif ekonomi bagi perusahaan dan negara guna mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca, terutama karbon dioksida (CO2) dan polusi lain yang berkontribusi pada pemanasan global.
Konsep ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan nilai finansial pada emisi karbon sehingga perusahaan dan pemerintah terdorong untuk mengurangi emisi guna memenuhi target tertentu. Gagasan sejarah perdagangan karbon sendiri dimulai dari keseriusan dan komitmen global dalam menghadapi dampak pemanasan global.
Kesadaran ini dimulai dari konferensi dan perjanjian internasional seperti Protokol Kyoto dan Perjanjian Paris yang merupakan tonggak penting dalam pengembangan perdagangan karbon. Tujuan utama perdagangan karbon sesungguhnya adalah untuk mengurangi emisi karbon secara signifikan dengan mengenakan batasan pada jumlah emisi yang dapat dihasilkan.
“ Kita terpanggil untuk terlibat dalam mengatasi krisis iklim yang sedang terjadi saat ini. Di mana saat ini, dunia sedang dihadapkan dengan tantangan yang besar yakni krisis iklim global,” ungkap Silfi.
Namun demikian, salah satu kekuatan untuk menghadapi tantangan global yakni melalui perdagangan jasa karbon sebagai jasa lingkungan yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk membiayai kegiatan pemulihan lingkungan dan alam.
Meski demikian, untuk memasuki arena perdagangan jasa karbon bukanlah suatu pilihan yang enteng karena dalam mekanisme perdagangan jasa karbon ini akan melibatkan banyak pihak dengan banyak kepentingan dan para pihak wajib mengikuti berbagai regulasi atau peraturan serta ketentuan-ketentuan nasional pun global.
Pemerintah Indonesia dibawah Pemerintahan Presiden Susilo bambang Yudhoyono sesungguhnya telah memulai skema perdagangan jasa karbon namun program ini belum berjalan maksimal serta mendapat respon positif dari para pemangku kepentingan khususnya pemerintah di tingkat propinsi.
Karenanya, Burung Indonesia, sebagai sebuah lembaga non pemerintah yang bergerak dibidang pelestarian alam dan ekosisitem di dalamnya mencoba memulai kerja-kerja konkrit dalam membangun pemahaman bersama mengenai pentingnya hutan bagi keberlangsungan ekosistem dan ekologi.
Burung Indonesia telah lama memulai kegiatan pendapingan, pendidikan, monitoring dan evaluasi di kawasan bentangan alam Mbeliling dan sekitarnya. Selain pendampingan juga terlibat aktif dalam mendorong masyarakat menanam pohon serta melakukan kajian-kajian sosial, lingkungan dan ekonomi bekerjasama dengan pemerintah di tingkat provinsi, kabupaten dan desa.
Demikian pula kerjasama lintas sektor dengan Kementerian Kehutanan dan Lingkungan Hidup dan banyak dinas terkait lainnya. Tujuannya adalah bagaimana melihat kesiapan pemerintah NTT beserta sumber daya hutannya supaya bisa siap menjalankan program dan skema perdagangan jasa karbon dari sektor kehutanan.
Dalam rangka mendukung upaya perdagangan jasa karbon dari sektor kehutanan ini, Kementerian Kehutanan telah pula menerbitkan beberapa peraturan atau regulasi sebagai landasan hukum guna memandu para pihak mengajukan partisipasinya sesuai dengan kapasitasnya masing-masing.
Menurut Selfi, naiknya suhu akibat perubahan iklim global, tidak bisa menyalahkan negara yang punya emisi tinggi tapi dimintakan bantuan kepada negara atau daerah manapun yang memiliki hutan untuk mengkontribusikan nilai kredit nilai karbon.
Peserta dialog para pihak tentang perdagangan jasa karbon. (foto : Kornelis Rahalaka/Floresgenuine) Dalam konteks Propinsi NTT, potensi dan peluang perdagangan jasa karbon sangat tinggi. Berdasarkan data Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, potensi NTT memiliki sekitar 1. 054. 000 lebih hektar hutan dengan beraneka pohon. Potensi besar ini bisa menjadi dasar untuk membangun mekanisme perdagangan karbon.
Tentu untuk mencapai perdagangan jasa karbon membutuhkan waktu yang relatif lama dan usaha yang intensif karena harus memenuhi beberapa persyaratan dan standar serta regulasi yang diatur secara khusus oleh pihak berwewenang. Namun, potensi dan peluang perdagangan karbon di NTT sangat menjanjikan untuk mengurangi efek pemanasan global serentak membawa keuntungan ekonomi bagi pemerintah dan masyarakat lokal.
Di Manggarai Barat sendiri potensi dan peluang perdagangan karbon sangat terbuka lebar mengingat kawasan hutan di wilayah ini masih cukup terjaga dengan baik. Meskipun demikian, banyak pula ancaman destruktif seperti perambahan hutan masih kerap terjadi dan dilakukan secara masif.
Manggarai Barat masih memiliki sekitar 60. 000 tutupan hutannya. Potensi ini dapat dimaksimalkan ke depan dengan membangun kerjasama kolaborasi antara para pihak baik dengan pemerintah kabupaten, kecamatan desa dan masyarakat adat untuk bersama-sama merancang untuk mengelola kawasan hutan kita sehingga berdampak pada nilai ekologis dan ekonomi.
Burung Indonesia bersama masyarakat di kawasan bentang alam Mbeliling telah melakukan pemetaan atau perhitungan karbon sebagai sampel untuk perhitungan nilai perdagangan jasa karbon ke depan.
Meski langkah menuju perdagangan jasa karbon masih harus melewati jalan berliku nan terjal namun jika para pihak memiliki kesadaran dan pemahaman yang memadai akan pentingnya pelestarian alam dan upaya penanggulangan krisis iklim global maka jalan menuju ke arah perdagangan karbon akan terasa enteng. [Kornelis Rahalaka]
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